BUILDERS FIND
NEW TECHNOLOGIES
PAYING OFF

Steven Bodzin is a freelance writer in San Francisco and a former managing editor of Home Energy.

Structured insulated panels (SIPs) were used in CARB's Building America homes whenever appropriate because of the speed and ease of construction, because they contain renewable resources, and because of their high R-values.

Table 1. Building America Homes, by State Arizona 3  California 213 Colorado 10 Illinois 130 Maryland 3 Massachusetts 43 Minnesota 10 Nevada 134 New York 2 North Carolina 1 Pennsylvania 52 Texas 2 Total 603 Homes are currently under way in Florida, Georgia, Idaho, Missouri, and Ohio, while 200 more are also under way in Colorado.

For this house at the Village at Washington's Landing, in Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, builder Montgomery & Rust specified Werzalit composite wood and resin siding, which features excellent moisture resistance. Rigid foam joints were taped to minimize air infiltration.

Modular units by EPOCH being placed at the Hickory Consortium's Cambridge Cohousing site in Cambridge, Massachusetts. The units are completed up to 90% on the factory floor, reducing waste and allowing for factory quality control.

The Builder Partners Building Science Consortium, Westford, MA Braemer Homes, Agoura Hills, CA Del Webb, Georgetown, TX Domega Homes, Pueblo, CO Hidden Springs Community, Boise, ID Investec, Santa Barbara, CA The Lee Group, Marina Del Rey, CA M/I Homes, Raleigh, NC Pulte Home Corporation, Las Vegas, NV Pulte Home Corporation, Tucson, AZ Pulte Homes Corporation, Maitland, FL Pulte Homes Corporation, Bloomfield Hills, MI Pulte Homes of Minnesota, Mendota Heights, MN Randal Homes, Waverly, OH  Sturbridge Construction (formerly Shaw), Grayslake, IL  Town & Country Homes, Minneapolis, MN Town & Country Homes, Westchester, IL Watt Homes, Denver, CO Watt Homes, Las Vegas, NV Consortium for Advanced Residential Building (CARB), Norwalk, CT Beazer Homes, Orange, CA Crosswinds Communities, Novi, MI Del Webb, Phoenix, AZ Michael Homes, Pensacola, FL Ryan Homes, Thurmont, MD Wonderland Custom Builders, Boulder, CO Hickory Consortium, West Wareham, MA Codman Square Community Development Corp., Dorchester, MA Epoch Corporation, Pembroke, NH Green Village, Cambridge, MA Oaktree Development, Cambridge, MA Suffolk Construction, Boston, MA IBACOS Consortium, Pittsburgh, PA Brookfield Homes, Costa Mesa, CA Case Enterprises, Tucson, AZ Classic Homes, Colorado Springs, CO EPAC Development, Costa Mesa, CA Estridge Homes, Indianapolis, IN Ferree Development, Pittsburgh, PA The Forecast Group, Corona, CA Medallion Homes, San Antonio, TX Montgomery & Rust, Pittsburgh, PA New ERA Building Systems, Strattanville, PA Pulte Homes Corporation, Silver Spring, MD Pulte Homes Corporation, Chicago, IL Pulte Homes Corporation, Phoenix, AZ Pulte Homes Corporation, Las Vegas, NV RecreActions Group of Companies (RGC), Newport Beach, CA Ryland Homes, Columbia, MD Sundance Homes, Chicago, IL John Weiland Homes, Atlanta, GA West Homes, Allison Park, PA Doyle Wilson Homebuilder, Austin, TX

Table 2. Comparison of Callback Rates for BSC Homes Callbacks Typical Homes BSC Homes related to comfort  3%-5% 0 related to paint and trim 5% 1% related to drywall cracking 50% 10%

Open-web trusses at this Washington's Landing home use recyclable steel for webs for clear spans, providing design flexibility and open floor plan.

Icynene spray-in flexible foam insulation was used at Washington's Landing in areas where insulating with more traditional materials was difficult. Here, the foam is sprayed into the band joist area, with fiberglass batt insulation used in the wall cavity below.

Combined roof and floor trusses in the Washington's Landing home allow additional ceiling height on the top floor. With structural components directly transferring loads from the roof to the foundation, less framing material was needed, increasing the effective insulation value of the shell.

Creating New Techniques Building America tradespeople have found that they benefit from sharing information on the job. For example, CARB project manager Don Clem worked with the local HVAC installer that was chosen by the team for a project in Syracuse, New York. Clem noticed that the HVAC contractor learned a lot about computer aided design. Meanwhile, Clem learned about tools and materials. There's a give and take with any craft, he explains. Especially in a mechanical area. Clem learned, for example, the proper way to join round metal pipe to flex duct. Once he had worked with the experienced HVAC installer, he had knowledge he could apply to future designs. Building Science Corporation (BSC) recently released a report on its work. In this report, BSC says that the tradespeople chosen by the teams were very interested in learning about innovative techniques--although they were not always quick to change their habits. The tradespeople did not initially want to change how they did their work, the report said, but they became very enthusiastic about new ways of doing things once they had finished a home and could see how they had contributed to the functioning product. Plumbers were interested in the innovative framing techniques, and electricians were fascinated by the need for ventilation systems, the report said. Many ... wanted to apply the most current building science thinking to their own [home renovation] projects. This interest can turn into valuable research assistance, BSC found, as the framers kept coming up with better details such as headers at windows, roof truss geometry, and sealing rim joists. Also, the HVAC contractors came up with simpler duct layouts--especially for return systems.

Field commissioning tests prior to wallboard installation at the Washington's Landing home identified thermal shell and duct system weaknesses at a time when modifications were most cost-effective. Pre-drywall tests demonstrated 0.13 ACH.

The HVAC equipment in the 3200 ft2, four-story house is located on the second floor, reducing the amount of ductwork needed.

Building America Contacts For more information on Building America projects and research results, contact George James; EE-41, U.S. Department of Energy, 1000 Independence Ave. SW, Washington, DC 20585-0121. Tel:(202)586-9472; E-mail: george.james@hq.doe.gov; Web site: www.eren.doe.gov/buildings/building_america.

Today, more than 600 of these homes have been built and are currently occupied (see Table 1). According to James, the program is on track for meeting its year-2000 goal, and expects to have trained 15,000 to 20,000 individual builders through direct experience and on-site workshops. The homes built so far include town houses, multifamily developments using modular construction, and single-family homes, and are found in locations ranging from upstate New York to Los Angeles. They appear in standard, mainstream production homes as well as in projects that focus on energy efficiency and cost savings.

Most importantly, Building America has provided the opportunity for building scientists to demonstrate how a systems engineering approach to building can make homes better in many ways--less expensive to operate, yet more comfortable. The monitoring and testing of Building America homes has shown positively that this approach can be successful on a large scale.

Integrated Business and Construction Solutions (IBACOS), of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, was the first Building America consortium. According to Glenn Cotrell, an architect at IBACOS, it has made some major changes in its approach. When IBACOS first worked with Ryland Homes to build pilot houses in 1993, it was looking for new products that would make the difference in energy efficiency. However, IBACOS soon learned that inefficient homes weren't necessarily the result of poor products. It found that the real problems were poor design and quality control, and a widespread attitude that efficiency is too expensive. IBACOS's current approach is to reengineer the building. IBACOS engineers start by looking at the entire home, finding ways to economize on HVAC, framing, and other areas. While saving money on extra framing members and duct runs, they also try to improve the energy efficiency of all the houses' systems, from lighting, to heating, to windows.

Steven Winter, president of Steven Winter Associates (SWA) of Norwalk, Connecticut, explains that the Consortium for Advanced Residential Building (CARB)--an SWA project--initially tends to pack pilot homes with as many improvements as possible, and then weeds out the improvements that don't work. CARB has experimented with a broad range of innovative materials, such as structural insulated panels, steel framing, and adhesive housewrap.

Betsy Pettit, architect at Building Science Consortium (BSC), of Westford, Massachussetts, says, We believe you can make a lot of improvements, even to a wood stick-frame house. As pioneers of systems engineering, BSC has focussed on design. However, they also aim to teach tradespeople their goals and techniques so the workers can offer improvements to materials and processes.

The fourth consortium--the Hickory Consortium, based in Cambridge, Massachusetts--has worked almost exclusively with modular construction. Hickory has facilitated the design, analysis, and construction of urban infill housing, including a duplex and an extremely efficient 41-unit cohousing condominium development.

The result of these extensive efforts is one or two pilot houses that are built with supervision and training from each consortium. The consortia also determine how comfortable the houses are, and how well the tradespeople working with the builder members adapt to the new techniques and designs. Finally, each consortium asks the crucial question: Does the new design cost more, or less, to build?

All the consortium members involved in building the pilot home report on their experiences and discuss options for how to build the home more quickly and smoothly, and at less cost. For example, a mechanical contractor with Town & Country homes developed a better return duct method for the HVAC system, while framers at the same project came up with a better header framing detail. Tradespeople also find that they benefit from sharing information (see Creating New Techniques,).

The dozens of Building America pilot homes brought to light many insights about such issues as attic venting, advanced framing, and using water heaters to heat homes. For example, Building Science Consortium showed that unvented roofs perform better than vented roots in hot-dry and hot-humid climates (see Conditioned Attics Save Energy in Hot Climates, HE May/June '97, p. 6). They also showed that in many cases, houses don't need a fully distributed return duct system, that supply ventilation works better than exhaust ventilation, that supply ventilation with dehumidification is necessary for controlled ventilation in hot-humid climates, that polyethylene vapor barriers are generally a bad idea, and that batt insulation in basements is always a bad idea because it causes mold problems. (For more information on ventilation, see Mechanical Ventilation for the Home, HE March/April '96, p. 13).

Despite these results in the pilot homes, however, the fact remains that some builders are legitimately skeptical of results from pilot homes that are built with the extra supervision from the consortium. The real proof of systems engineering comes when many production homes are built, sold, and lived in. The great success of Building America is that it has shown unequivically that systems engineering works in the real world, on large scales (see Building America: Real World Results,).

For example, BSC's analysis of its pilot homes in both Chicago and Las Vegas found cost increases for the builder. With the Town & Country homes in Vernon Hills, the price increases were minimal. However, the early Prairie Crossing houses cost about $2,000 more to build than standard code-compliant homes. About $1,000 of this increase came with a relatively long payback period, but it raised the average savings in heating season energy use to about 60%. BSC has since dropped this $1,000 worth of measures, bringing costs closer to parity with conventional homes, but the heating season energy savings are now predicted to average about 40%. To put this savings into perspective, it is greater than homes in the U.S. Energy Star program, which must reduce heating season energy use by 30%.

Other Building America builders have had the same experience. David Kipnis, a consultant for Civano, says, I can get you 30% savings at no cost. But with the next 20%, you start getting diminishing returns. I find there has to be a premium.

An untapped marketing angle of the Building America program is the issue of payback, or return on investment. The homes built under this program are selling for the same price as other homes with similar amenities built by the same builder (the builder absorbs the excess costs), but people who buy Building America homes see an instant advantage in reduced energy costs. The energy savings start paying off right away, since there's no extra first cost for the buyer.

Both are Building America partners. Watt, which builds more than 300 homes per year, now only builds homes that meet Building America standards. Pulte is not yet following Building America designs for all its homes, but the company is incorporating techniques learned from its Building America experiences in all of the 1,100 or so homes it builds this year in the city. For example, in one new project, it included unvented attic air space and hydronic heating systems.

For these companies, efficiency seems to be paying off. According to Angel Moran, construction manager at Watt Homes in Las Vegas, one surprise was that the company's own workers bought several of its first Building America development homes. She adds that the Energy Star certification from the joint DOE and Environmental Protection Agency program helps to show consumers that the improvements are not just hype.

To spread the word, the local building association just started an energy committee, with Dave Beck, Pulte's construction director, as chair. Now several more builders are jumping on the home performance bandwagon and plan to join the BSC team. According to Beck, Pardee Homes and Lewis Homes are both learning systems engineering techniques.

Glenn Cotrell, of the IBACOS consortium, points to the RecreActions Group of Companies (RGC) as an example of this success. IBACOS worked with RGC on a pilot home, and then helped it to design three home models based on lessons learned from the prototype. RGC recently built 183 homes in Southern California using designs developed from this Building America pilot house.

Domega Homes in Pueblo, Colorado, built 10 homes under Building America and has continued building to that level of efficiency outside of the program. It is now building 230 systems-engineered, high-performance houses using the knowledge it gained through its participation with BSC.

Within companies, the knowledge spreads slowly but surely. For example, Angel Moran says that other branches of Watt--in Denver and Utah--are starting to pick up on the techniques learned in Las Vegas. Pulte's Beck sees his techniques spreading to Phoenix and Tucson.

Beazer Homes, a member of CARB, is unusual in that it pays David Root, its vice president of operations, to spread the systems engineering concepts learned through their Building America participation across its various units around the country. Beazer is currently building CARB system-engineered houses in Houston.

And knowledge of these techniques is spreading among tradespeople as well. Once construction supervisors have learned the new energy efficiency techniques, they sometimes implement them on other homes right away. BSC reports that supervisors who learned that stopping drafts around fireplaces and bathtubs could reduce backdrafting and pipe freezing immediately began to apply that knowledge on other projects.

Beyond its goal of building 2,000 homes by the year 2000, the Building America consortia intends to facilitate the adoption of a systems engineering approach to design and construction in 70 percent of the new housing market within 10 years.
 
 

Building America: Real-World Results Table 3. Cold Climate Trade-offs Measure Cost/Savings 24-in oc 2 x 6s in place  of 16-in oc 2 x 4s $-400 R-20 instead of R-11 +150 Insulating sheathing (R-5)  +300 Elimination of OSB and house wrap -300 High-performance windows +300 Savings on duct system -300 1-ton smaller air conditioner -500 Interior air-flow retarder +200 No polyethylene vapor barrier -100 Controlled ventilation system +100 Basement insulation +600 Direct-vent gas water heater +150 Total incremental cost +200 Table 4. Hot & Dry Climate Trade-offs Measure Cost/Savings 24-in oc 2 x 6s in place of 16-in oc 2 x 4s $-400 R-19 batt wall insulation instead of R-11 +150 Unvented roof: labor +700 Unvented roof: elimination of roof vents -250 High-performance windows +300 2-ton smaller air conditioner -1,000 Controlled ventilation system +100 Larger gas water heater +150 Total incremental cost -$250 Figure 2. Data from utility bills of 40 Prarie Crossing houses over a year, standardized for square footage, showed that, although actual gas utility costs were slightly higher than predicted, electric costs were much lower than predicted, bringing the total costs lower. The fact that the total costs were fairly close to the predicted utility costs means that BSC can predict with reasonable accuracy the actual utility bill savings that will occur when systems engineering is done.  Today, more than 285 occupied production homes that were built to Building America specifications have been studied in normal operation by Building Science Corporation (BSC). A recent status report includes a study of BSC's homes in Chicago and Las Vegas, where the mechanical systems and comfort complaints were tracked for three months or for a year with its proprietary Snapshot testing method. The Snapshot method involves tracking utility bills and measuring how long the water heaters and ventilation systems are on, as well as monitoring return air temperatures in the first- and second-floor return ducts; basement temperatures; and how often the thermostats call for heat, cooling, or activation of air handler fans. Prior to occupancy, BSC had tested total house air leakage, duct airtightness, and duct leakage to the exterior. Perhaps more to the point, BSC tracked comments on comfort from the home owners. Chicago Modifications The homes in the Chicago area were built in the first large-scale Building America development to get under way. At Prairie Crossing, a subdivision in Grayslake, Illinois, 130 of an eventual 400 units have been built. The subdivision should be finished by 2002. In addition, Town & Country Homes is building the Centennial Crossing subdivision in nearby Vernon Hills. Today, 30 of an eventual 216 Building America homes have been built there. Both developments were constructed to standards developed by BSC specifically for Chicago's cold climate (see Table 3). The standards included efficiency measures that saved on construction costs, increased energy efficiency, or improved indoor air quality. Substitution of construction materials is permitted as long as these standards are met. In return for using relatively expensive insulating sheathing, for example, the builders didn't have to buy or install house wrap and plywood or OSB sheathing. Similarly, the cost of high-performance windows was offset by a 1-ton reduction in air conditioner size. Going to 2 x 6 framing was offset by a more efficient use of framing materials, while the high-performance windows allowed shorter, smaller and less extensive duct systems. Chicago Results These changes raised builders' eyebrows. To allay their concerns, from March 1997 through February 1998, BSC monitored 15 of the Chicago homes, examining some by Town & Country and some at Prarie Crossing. The Chicago houses saved energy beyond their designers' expectations. According to BSC, the homes have shown an average of approximately 50% savings on heating energy, which translates into an average of about 40% savings on the gas bill (see Figures 1 & 2). The homes averaged a savings of only about 2% on air conditioning energy use, but the average cooling setpoint has been reduced to 72°F, much lower than the 78°F prescribed by the designer based on a computer model with the same setpoint temperature. Because they were built without a vapor barrier, skeptics questioned whether excessive moisture would become a problem inside the walls of the Chicago houses. BSC engineer Joseph Lstiburek has maintained for years that so little moisture is carried by diffusion that all one needs to do is limit infiltration into the walls, keep a low indoor relative humidity, and use insulating sheathing (which warms the cavity) or semi-vapor permeable sheathing (which allows the cavity to dry). In the Chicago homes, indoor relative humidity remained around 40% throughout the monitoring period, thanks to controlled mechanical ventilation. And the walls were all air sealed by gluing the drywall to the framing--BSC's airtight drywall approach. The walls had vapor diffusion retarders, but not 6-mil poly vapor barriers. Paint provides a permeance rating of about 2 to 3 perms, Lstiburek says. With 1 inch of insulation sheathing [R-5], or with a semipermeable noninsulation sheathing [plywood, oriented strand board, or fiberboard], there is no problem. Lsiburek's ideas were borne out in the Chicago homes. Moisture content on the outside of the studs and inside the plywood sheathing should be below 16% to prevent mold, and below 20% to prevent decay. We're running between 6% and 11% seasonally on the studs, he reports. Las Vegas Modifications Las Vegas is one of the country's hottest housing markets, both in sales volume and in temperature. With about 500 homes built every week in a climate where $200 per month cooling bills are considered a cost of living, this is a market in serious need of energy efficiency. And with high-speed production builders dominating the market, any measures that reduce callbacks are sure to be appreciated. As in Chicago, BSC brought to Las Vegas a combination of simple improvements and slightly more unusual measures. Some of the simple improvements involved modification of the HVAC system. The number of ducts was reduced, and the ones that remained were shortened. The air handler and all the ductwork were located inside the thermal and pressure boundaries of the house, and no ducts were located in outside walls. Furthermore, all the returns were fully ducted (there were no panel joist spaces or stud cavities), while transfer grilles and jump ducts were added for pressure balancing. Another change in the Las Vegas buildings was reducing air conditioner size by about 2 tons compared to the ones the builder usually installed. The smaller sizing was due to the envelope modifications and correct load calculations, and the units have since proved themselves more than adequate for the task of cooling. One of the most controversial design changes was to use unvented roofs, so that all the ducts and mechanical systems (except the outside coil) were located within the conditioned space. This increases the amount of conditioned space and makes builders worry about excessive heat on the roof deck. The advantage was that, through having the air handler located within the conditioned space, there was no duct leakage to the outside, and therefore no energy penalty for duct leakage. Analyses show that the total cost of the Las Vegas efficiency measures was only $200 higher than the cost of a barely code-compliant house. And with the latest round of refinements, these measures will actually save builders $200 on the cost of a standard, code-compliant house. The $700 extra in labor costs for unvented roof construction was partly offset by the $250 savings from not buying and installing roof vents. The remaining expense was recouped--the unvented attic accounted for half of the 2-ton reduction in air conditioner size. Las Vegas Results As of October, 1998, 134 Building America homes were on the ground in Las Vegas, built by two of the BSC members, Pulte Homes and Watt Homes. Twenty of the homes were monitored from January through April 1998. Again, BSC sought to determine if the HVAC systems were correctly sized and if the houses were durable. BSC monitored the following items: supply and return air temperatures; supply and return water temperatures of the combined domestic hot water and heating system; attic temperature; roof deck temperature; water heater on-time; and thermostat calls for heat, cooling, and ventilation by the air handler fan. The results are promising. Energy use in the new homes was compared to that in homes of almost the same size that Pulte and Watt built using their usual techniques. At Pulte's Cypress Pointe development, heating energy use in the Building America homes was about 50% below that in Pulte's standard-construction houses, while cooling energy use declined by about 25%. The gas bills also fell about 30%, though electric bills held steady, while the mechanical ventilation increased the electricity use by approximately $35 for the entire year. At Watt's Four Seasons development, heating energy savings were approximately 25%-45%, and cooling savings were about 10%-25%. The lower energy savings may have been due to Watts's decision to go with conventional 2 x 4 framing, rather than the 2 x 6 framing used at Pulte's development. Neither builder elected to use the 2 x 6 optimal value framing suggested by BSC, as they were both concerned about using stucco over 24-in centers. (At that time, they had not found a manufacturer who would test stucco with 24-inch centers for code compliance, although they have since found such a manufacturer.) The 2 x 6 framing system saves energy because it uses less wood, which allows for less thermal bridging. Climates and Costs BSC found that cost increases or savings depended on what specific measures were required for houses in different climates. The average cost for cold-climate efficiency measures is now $200-$1,000, although reduced callbacks recoup $200 of this amount. The home in hot-dry climates initially cost $200 more than conventional homes, but the current list of trade-offs leaves builders in those regions $250 ahead (see Table 4). To bring cold-climate costs into line, BSC allowed the measures that were least effective and had the longest payback time to be changed to buyer optional. It no longer requires the exterior foam sheathing to be glued in an attempt to increase airtightness (the airtight interior drywall is enough), and gone is the condensing gas furnace. Also gone are the wood window returns--BSC's term for the extra wood detailing that is necessary when building with 2 x 6 rather than 2 x 4 framing. Most builders now do not use wood window return in conventional [base] construction, says Lstiburek. They now return the drywall. The extra cost of high-perfomance windows increment has been cut from $500 to $300, mainly because more builders are using these windows, and so prices are dropping. --Steven Bodzin Figure 1. Average long-term (one year) data logging for 10 Building Science Corporation homes, averaged over square footage, showed that actual energy consumption was far less than would be predicted for a home built with standard construction.

Funding for Building America is provided by the Department of Energy. Analysis support came from the Florida Solar Energy Center, and testing support came from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory.
 
 
 
 

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