Cooling By the Stars

Davis Energy Group (DEG) developed a NEUCS system appropriate for most dry climates. The evaporative cooler can perform the dual purpose of providing cooled air to the home, while providing slab cooling in the nighttime hours. Operating the slab cooling at night is more effective than during the day, because outdoor wet bulb temperatures are lower at night.
 
 

Coils of tubing, which will eventually transport cooled water, are laid out during the installation of this underfloor cooling system. The coils will be covered by 2 inches of sand, 4 inches of crushed rock, and a vapor barrier before the 4 inch concrete slab is poured.

In 1994, Pacific Gas and Electric Company (PG&E) sponsored a house using NEUCS in Rocklin, near Sacramento, California. This stand-alone system has no compressor-based air conditioner installed. The NEUCS system is able to maintain indoor temperatures at or below 78^oF, with occasional assistance from the evaporative cooler itself and a fan coil, which circulates cool water under the floor to provide supplemental cooling on the hottest days.

Southern California Edison (SCE) sponsored design of a NEUCS by DEG in a new 2,350 ft² house in Palm Desert, California. In this hot desert climate (with a humid monsoon season in August), they used an evaporative precooler for the condenser on the home's air conditioning system. Two 500-ft coils of polyethylene tubing were spaced 2 ft on center, 8 inches beneath the surface of the slab floor. The system is controlled to circulate cooled water between 5 pm and 7 am when the outdoor temperature is below 90^oF. The slab circulation pump turns off when the air conditioner comes on, and does not come on at all if the daytime temperature stayed below 90^oF.

For tubing, the researchers used 1 1/4 inch diameter Driscopipe Series 1000 polyethylene pipe, which cost 44/ft. It took two people three hours to lay out the tubing, plus an additional person-hour to install the manifolds. Other costs beyond the piping included the EvapCon evaporative precooler ($1,750), plumbing, and adding custom controls to the evaporative cooler to run the NEUCS system. Although these costs totalled $2,790, DEG calculated that the costs in a mature market would be closer to $1,500.

Researchers monitored the Palm Desert home in June of 1995 and found that the evaporative precooler lowered water temperature by an average of 14^oF. Based on the data they collected, the slab inlet water temperature will be 5^oF-6^oF higher than wet bulb, when wet bulb temperatures are between 55^oF and 60^oF. The slab circulating pump and the condenser fan (operating at low speed) used about 0.35 kW with typical slab cooling rates of about 12,000 Btu/h.

DEG used a computer model to predict annual energy savings at the home. They also modeled NEUCS systems in four different Southern California climate zones, and tested various changes to the design. The simulations showed that water flow rate should have the largest effect on system performance, providing greater savings at higher flow rates. The percent of the slab covered by carpeting also should have an effect (with an exposed floor being more efficient). The cost of tubing appears to override the energy saving benefits of narrow tube spacing. Tube diameter (3/4 to 1 1/4 inches) showed little effect on performance, suggesting that lower-cost smaller tube diameters can be used. The simulation found little gain from burying the tubes deeper.

For the home in the arid Palm Desert climate, DEG predicted energy savings of 3,500 kWh per year and peak savings of 0.88 kW, resulting in a simple payback of 2 years. They predicted a payback of 3 years in Fresno, 4 years in Riverside, and 11 years in the coastal climate of El Toro. However, a NEUCS system could eliminate compressor-based air conditioning at the El Toro site, generating an immediate payback.

Although long-term minitoring data have not been collected to demonstrate the continued performance of the system, the greatest applicability of NEUCS seems to be in arid climates where many homes already use evaporative coolers.

DEG's development of the computer model was supported by SCE through the California Institute for Energy Efficiency. For more information, contact DEG at (916)753-1100.
 

-Phillip Hasley

Phillip Hasley is a freelance writer based in San Francisco, California, and an energy engineer at Schiller Associates.
 
 

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