Nance Matson's informative article "East meets West: Gas Fired Heat Pumps" (HE, Sept/Oct '92, p. 33) refers to the proliferation of natural gas heat pumps in Japan but fails to point out Japan imports virtually all of its coal and gas and therefore encourages a balance between the consumption of natural gas and electricity, quite a different situation than in the United States. The article also states that "In Japan, under the influence of governmental policies geared to improve (emphasis added) energy efficiency, gas cooling has been installed in 80% of new buildings." Contrary to this statement, gas cooling typically uses more source Btu than electric cooling. Perhaps the author meant that the Japanese government wants to balance the energy supply rather than improve energy efficiency with gas cooling.

An electric heat pump, under normal operating conditions, does not require electric motor servicing during its lifetime. On the other hand, as the article mentioned, a natural gas heat pump engine must be serviced at least once a year (two filters, spark plugs, tune-up). It may require two sets of technicians for servicing--one for refrigerant loop, the other for the engine--and this will probably increase maintenance costs. Since customers typically have poor home maintenance records, the cost of proper maintenance and the consequences of improper maintenance should be central to any comparative analysis.

The author states that "GRI estimates energy cost savings of 20% to 80% over comparable conventional electric heat pumps and furnace/ air-conditioners," but the table on estimated energy savings does not refer to energy cost savings. Also the table shows savings only up to 60%. And only Chicago, with a short cooling season, and Phoenix, with high electric rates, are discussed; energy savings are not discussed for other locations listed in the table on field test efficiencies.

The article claims that "York gas engine heat pump has an equivalent (emphasis added) Heating Seasonal Performance Factor (HSPF) of 14.0 and an equivalent Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio (SEER) of over 15.0." While this provides a very favorable impression of this type of equipment, these ratings are based on the cost of natural gas, rather than it being a thermodynamic quantity. You should clarify what the stated equivalent rating means.

A natural gas heat pump produces emissions on site that may exceed future local air emission standards. Also, emissions from an on-site natural gas heat pump depend on an air to fuel ratio which changes during a cold start-up, with important health implications for home dwellers. If higher emission standards are required, they can be phased-in at power plants much easier and cheaper than for a large number of gas heat pumps.

Finally, it is questionable if a natural gas heat pump will help a homeowner or the environment. It will certainly not help an electric utility that will lose the off-peak load, will decrease load factors, and therefore may increase utility rates. Also, we do not understand how a natural gas heat pump will benefit regulators.

Matt Chwalowski and Rick Tempchin
Edison Electrical Institute
Washington, D.C.

The 20-80% savings figure, provided to me by Gary Nowakowski of GRI, represent cost savings estimated from test houses throughout the U.S., as do the figures in the table which presents only two selected localities. HSPF and SEER are efficiency levels that a standard heat pump must achieve in order to exhibit the same operating costs as that of a gas heat pump, in U.S. DOE's Region IV, taking thermodynamic performance as well as energy costs into account.

Editor's Note: On the subject of gas versus electricity source energy, see the box "Fuel Switching and Source Energy," p. 15.

It happened while performing some draft detection using the fan pressurization/depressurization method. I was on the trail of some thermal bypasses in the kneewall attic, the homeowner following right behind me as I crawled along.

Suddenly she burst into laughter, for no apparent reason. Kneewall attics not being that funny, I inquired as to the reason for her mirth.

It turned out that she had discovered the answer to the question "What kind of footwear do blower door sleuths wear?" "Air Escape," of course, the name quite prominently printed on the bottom of my Nikes!

Larry Hasterok
Wisconsin Energy Conservation Corp.
Madison, WI

I think it is great that the utility companies are making compact fluorescent lights available at reduced prices. However, consider Pacific Gas and Electric's (PG&E) current program to make Osram, GE, and Lights of America lamps available through retail stores for under $10 each. A promotional flyer in my October PG&E bill supplied a number to call for a list of participating retailers.

I searched for two weeks on foot and by phone and did not find one local store that actually had any compact fluorescents. In each case, I asked to speak to the manager and explained that their store was on PG&E's list. Most said they had not heard of the program.

Very few stores on the list plan to carry more than one of the three brands. Having three brands (each having a different shape) is a real strength of the program, but it is not nearly as useful if they're not sold together in the same stores. A variety of sizes and shapes allows consumers to accommodate compact fluorescent lights to practically all outlets. QLux, GE, and Panasonic lamps with diffuser globes are typically wider (about 3 in.) and shorter than the bare lamp Osram, Prolight, and Panasonic varieties. Lights of America circline bulbs fit around the harps of ordinary table lamps.

Also, according to the information provided with the PG&E list, most stores will carry only the GE bulbs. Many San Franciscans, including myself, participate in a boycott of GE products.

Pamela G. Coxson
San Francisco, CA

We've developed a partnership with a local television station's news department. We now have a weekly spot on energy conservation on one of their news shows. We're excited by the success of the project and feel it could be duplicated in other markets.

The partnership is part of our newest residential energy conservation program, "Power for Pennies," which also includes a workshop series. Jacksonville Electric Authority produces a segment on energy conservation for WTLV's "Good Morning Jacksonville--Saturday," a weekend version of their Monday-through-Friday news and information program. The program airs from 8 a.m. to 10 a.m. and then it is repeated from 10 a.m. to noon. Each Saturday, viewers see information on duct leakage, cleaning air conditioner coils, air conditioner filter maintenance, repairing water leaks in toilets, the impact of hot water leaks, insulation, surge suppressors, customer thermometer tests, pool pump timers, and more.

The project consumes only 50-60 person-hours per week using two employees part-time, but it reaches some 36,000-40,000 viewers per week. In comparison, two full-time energy auditors (80 person-hours) reach 35-45 people per week. With a cost of less than 5cents per customer contacted, it can be cost-effective. Since JEA is a municipal utility, and is prohibited from paying for advertising, "Pennies for Power" is produced as public service.

Perhaps the most effective aspect of this project is the method of presenting information. Hearing a customer say, "My bill was four hundred dollars! I just started crying!" sounds far more interesting than hearing an engineer talk.

Bruce Dugan
Jackson Electric Authority
Jacksonville, FL

Our Salt Lake Valley Environmental Resource Directory 1992-93 contains approximately 90 categories and 100 sub-categories of goods and services relating to energy efficiency and healthy living in the Salt Lake Valley.

The directory had its origins when our clients would ask us for the completion of our energy efficiency and environmental assessment of their residence, or where they could go for goods or services. So we sat down and planned to put together the directory in a month--and the project turned into a six-month undertaking!

I thought other Home Energy readers may like to know about the directory so that they could possibly develop similar directories in their areas. If they would like to receive a copy, we can make it available to them for $4 which includes postage and handling.

Wesley A. Groesbeck
Environmental Resources
Salt Lake City, UT

The article New Standards Begin, But Will Rebates Continue" in the Jan/Feb issue of HE should have stated the formula used to calculate "adjusted refrigerator volume" as follows:

Adjusted volume =

refrigerator volume + (1.63 2 freezer volume)